I see. They all must be bumbling idiots putting patients in jeopardy every day for literally decades. Amazing how these CRNAs are trained only to completely depend on an MDA (is that your premise?) yet by some unknown miracle manage to practice independently with NO NEGATIVE OUTCOME DATA. I'm unaware of ANY program that educates CRNAs where total MDA dependence is not only fostered, but mandatory as it is in the very few AA programs that exist. These independent CRNA providers and their patients must have literally be dodging disaster with each and every anesthetic, day in and day out for decades. Hard to imagine...Try again.