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Over the horizon targeting would be done through "networking." The current US Navy vision is to have distributed forces all networked together by various data links such that any ship has the "composite picture" generated by all of them. Thus, any vessel with suitable weapons aboard can be selected by any other vessel as a firing platform. Drones and satellites would be the primary links, with drones less susceptible to jamming. There may also be other, classified methods, and how much progress the Navy has made on bringing this vision to reality is also classified. "Local" linking is probably pretty good. More widely distributed assets likely are still not "there yet."

So, an armed patrol icebreaker would (theoretically) be networked to any/every other Navy and Coast Guard ship within hundreds to even thousands of miles around it, and see on its screens "the complete battle space" as an aggregate of all the data from every vessel in the network. It would be in communication link with them all, and software would be able to find and select which platform had the correct weapons and best proximity, and order the launch, all within fractions of a second.

That's the vision. Still "a bit sci-fi" most likely at this point, and actual abilities are classified in any case